Tổng hợp các cấu trúc câu so sánh
So sánh tính từ
So sánh hơn
Dùng khi muốn diễn tả một đối tượng (người hoặc vật) “hơn” một đối tượng khác. Có thể là mạnh hơn, nhanh hơn, đẹp hơn, cao hơn…
Nói cách khác: A → “hơn” → B.
Ví dụ:
- This phone is cheaper than that one.→ Điện thoại này rẻ hơn cái kia.
- I’m much fitter than I was last year. → Bây giờ tôi khỏe hơn so với năm ngoái.
So sánh nhất
Dùng để so sánh một đối tượng (người hoặc vật) nổi bật nhất trong nhóm.
Ví dụ:
- She is the tallest student in the class. → Cô ấy là học sinh cao nhất trong lớp.
Cấu tạo so sánh hơn & so sánh nhất
| Loại tính từ |
So sánh hơn – Comparative |
So sánh nhất – Superlative |
| 1. Một âm tiết |
adj + -er
Ví dụ: small → smaller
|
the + adj + -est
Ví dụ: small → the smallest
|
| 2. Kết thúc bằng -e |
adj + -r
Ví dụ: large → larger
|
the + adj + -st
Ví dụ: large → the largest
|
| 3. Nguyên âm + phụ âm (CVC) |
Gấp đôi phụ âm cuối + -er
Ví dụ: big → bigger
|
Gấp đôi phụ âm cuối + -est
Ví dụ: big → the biggest
|
| 4. Tính từ 2 âm tiết kết thúc bằng -y |
-y → -ier
Ví dụ: busy → busier
|
-y → -iest
Ví dụ: busy → the busiest
|
| 5. Tính từ ≥ 2 âm tiết |
more + adj
Ví dụ: important → more important
|
the most + adj
Ví dụ: important → the most important
|
| 6. Bất quy tắc |
Học thuộc lòng
Ví dụ: little → less, much → more
|
Học thuộc lòng
Ví dụ: little → the least, much → the most
|
Có thể bổ nghĩa thêm cho so sánh nhất bằng các cấu trúc sau:
-
one of the + superlative + plural noun
This is one of the most beautiful beaches in Vietnam.
-
ordinal numbers (first, second, third…)
He finished the second fastest in the race.
-
Possessive + superlative
She is my closest friend.
*** Bài tập
Bài 1
| 1. This road is ______ than the old one.
A. narrow B. narrower C. more narrow D. narrowest |
2. She is one of ______ dancers in the show.
A. the talented B. most talented C. the most talented D. talentedest |
3. He finished the ______ in the marathon.
A. second fast B. second fastest C. the second faster D. fastly
|
| 4. My cat is my ______ pet.
A. most cute B. cuter C. more cute D. cutest |
5. This area is ______ today.
A. safe B. safer C. more safe D. the safer |
6. Her idea is ______ than mine.
A. creative B. more creative C. creativer D. the more creative
|
| 7. This is the ______ mountain in the region.
A. more high B. highest C. the higher D. the highest |
8. His bag is ______ than yesterday.
A. heavy B. heavier C. more heavy D. the heavier |
9. She is one of the ______ students in my class.
A. smarter B. the smartest C. smarter than D. most smart
|
| 10. This lake is ______ than the pond.
A. large B. larger C. more large D. the most large |
11. Their dog is ______ than ours.
A. friendly B. friendlier C. more friendly D. the most friendly |
12. Her report was ______ in the group.
A. good B. better C. the better D. the best
|
| 13. She sits in the ______ row in the hall.
A. third comfortable B. third most comfortable C. the third comfortabler D. comfortablest |
14. This task is ______ difficult than I expected.
A. much B. more C. most D. the most |
15. He is my ______ friend.
A. most close B. closer C. the closer D. closest
|
Bài 2
| 1. This suitcase is ______ than I expected. (“heavy”) |
2. She is the ______ student in her group. (“creative”) |
3. My house is ______ from the city center than yours. (“far”)
|
| 4. He got a ______ score this time compared to last week. (“bad”) |
5. This café is one of ______ places in the area. (“popular”) |
6. He finished the ______ in the whole competition. (“fast”)
|
| 7. Today feels ______ than yesterday. (“cold”) |
8. She is my ______ friend; I tell her everything. (“close”) |
9. The new laptop is ______ than the old one. (“expensive”)
|
| 10. This is the ______ lesson we’ve had so far. (“easy”) |
11. The lake looks ______ in the afternoon light. (“beautiful”) |
12. He made ______ mistakes this time. (“few”)
|
| 13. This is the ______ time I’ve visited that temple. (“third / long”) |
14. The children seemed ______ after the long trip. (“tired”) |
15. She is one of ______ runners on the team. (“good”)
|
Đáp án:
Bài 1
| 1-B |
6-B |
11-B |
| 2-C |
7-D |
12-D |
| 3-B |
8-B |
13-B |
| 4-D |
9-B |
14-B |
| 5-B |
10-B |
15-D |
Bài 2
| 1. heavier |
2. the most creative |
3. farther / further |
| 4. worse |
5. the most popular |
6. the fastest |
| 7. colder |
8. closest |
9. more expensive |
| 10. the easiest |
11. more beautiful |
12. fewer |
| 13. the third longest |
14. more tired |
15. the best |
So sánh bằng trạng từ
Tương tự tính từ, trạng từ cũng có dạng so sánh hơn (comparative) và dạng so sánh nhất (superlative). Tuy nhiên, cách hình thành của chúng không hoàn toàn giống nhau:
| Loại trạng từ |
So sánh hơn – Comparative |
So sánh nhất – Superlative |
| 1. Trạng từ có dạng giống tính từ (hard, fast, early…) |
Thêm -er như tính từ
fast → faster |
Thêm -est như tính từ
fast → fastest |
| 2. Trạng từ bất quy tắc (phải học thuộc) |
well → better
badly → worse
far → farther/further
little → less |
well → the best
badly → the worst
far → the farthest/furthest
little → the least |
*** Bài tập
Bài 1
| 1. She arrived ______ than usual.
A. earlyer B. earlier C. more early D. earliest |
2. He runs ______ of all the players.
A. the faster B. fastest C. the fastest D. more fast |
3. She sings ______ than her sister.
A. better B. best C. more good D. gooder
|
| 4. They worked ______ to finish the project on time.
A. harder B. more hard C. the harder D. hardest |
5. Of the three, Linda speaks English ______.
A. weller B. more well C. better D. the best |
6. He reacted ______ than I expected.
A. calm B. calmer C. more calmly D. calmest
|
| 7. My internet connection works ______ at night.
A. slower B. slowest C. the slowest D. more slowly |
8. Jim solved the puzzle ______ than Tom.
A. quickest B. more quickly C. quicklier D. the more quickly |
9. The train moves ______ in the morning.
A. fastest B. more fastly C. more quickly D. quickest
|
| 10. She answered the questions ______ of all.
A. most confidently B. more confidently C. the most confidently D. confidentlyest |
11. He left ______ than all his colleagues.
A. more early B. earlier C. earliest D. the earlier |
12. This machine operates ______ with heavy loads.
A. worst B. worse C. badlyer D. more badly
|
| 13. She drives ______ than I do.
A. more carefully B. carefuler C. the more carefully D. most carefully |
14. They responded ______ of all the teams.
A. quicker B. quickest C. the quickest D. more quickly |
15. He travels ______ when he is alone.
A. farther B. further C. more far D. farer
|
Bài 2
| 1. She arrived ______ today than yesterday. (“late”) |
2. He drives ______ of all the members. (“carefully”) |
3. My phone loads apps ______ than before. (“slowly”)
|
| 4. She handled the situation ______ than I expected. (“calmly”) |
5. This machine works ______ when it’s cold. (“badly”) |
6. He ran ______ in the entire competition. (“fast”)
|
| 7. They woke up ______ than usual this morning. (“early”) |
8. The new student writes ______ than the others. (“neatly”) |
9. The train travels ______ at night. (“quickly”)
|
| 10. She performed ______ in the final round. (“well”) |
11. He walked ______ than his friends. (“far”) |
12. Our team responded ______ of all groups. (“quickly”)
|
| 13. She studies ______ when exams are near. (“hard”) |
14. He finished the assignment ______ than expected. (“fast”) |
15. My computer shuts down ______ of all the devices. (“slowly”)
|
Đáp án
Bài 1:
| 1. earlier |
2. the fastest |
3. better |
| 4. harder |
5. the best |
6. more calmly |
| 7. more slowly |
8. more quickly |
9. more quickly |
| 10. the most confidently |
11. earlier |
12. worse |
| 13. more carefully |
14. the quickest |
15. farther / further |
Bài 2
| 1. later |
2. the most carefully |
3. more slowly |
| 4. more calmly |
5. worse |
6. the fastest |
| 7. earlier |
8. more neatly |
9. more quickly |
| 10. best |
11. farther / further |
12. the fastest / the most quickly |
| 13. harder |
14. faster |
15. the most slowly (hoặc “slowest”, tùy bạn muốn dạy dạng nào — đều đúng)
|
Các loại so sánh khác
| Cách so sánh |
Cấu trúc |
Dùng cho |
Ví dụ |
| 1. So sánh kém |
- Kém hơn: less + adj/adv
- Kém nhất: the least + adj/adv
|
Tính từ + Trạng từ |
- She works less efficiently now. (adv)
- That was the least enjoyable meal I’ve ever had. (adj)
|
| 2. So sánh bằng |
- as + adj/adv + as → bằng
- not as/so + adj/adv + as → không bằng
|
Tính từ + Trạng từ |
- My car is as old as yours. (adj)
- He is not as fast as his younger teammates. (adv)
|
| 3. Nhấn mạnh so sánh bằng trạng từ |
even, far, a lot, much, slightly, considerably, significantly + comparative |
Tính từ + Trạng từ |
- The new model is significantly faster than the old one.
- This winter is slightly colder than last year.
|
| 4. Diễn tả sự thay đổi liên tục |
- more and more + adj/adv
- less and less + adj/adv
|
Tính từ + Trạng từ |
- Our atmosphere is becoming more and more polluted.(adj)
- He drives less and less carefully. (adv)
|
| 5. “the + comparative…, the + comparative…” |
the + comparative (adj/adv), the + comparative (adj/adv) |
Tính từ + Trạng từ |
- The sooner, the better. (adj)
- The faster she trains, the quicker she improves. (adv + adv)
|
| 6. So sánh số lượng |
- as many + plural noun + as
- as much + uncountable noun + as
|
Danh từ |
- There aren’t as many people doing sports as before.
|
| 7. Nhân đôi số lượng |
half/twice/three times + as many/much… as |
Danh từ |
- China won twice as many medals as the US.
|
*** Bài tập các cấu trúc câu so sánh khác
Bài 1
| 1. This laptop is ______ expensive than I expected. A. less B. fewer C. the least D. not as |
2. She is not ______ tall ______ her sister. A. as/as B. so/so C. so/as D. as/so |
3. The weather is becoming ______ cold every day. A. more and more B. less and less C. slightly D. the coldest
|
| 4. The new model is ______ faster than the previous one. A. slightly B. most C. the least D. as |
5. The ______ you study, the ______ score you get. A. more/ higher B. the more/ the higher C. more/ the higher D. the more/ higher |
6. There aren’t ______ people here today ______ before. A. so many/as B. as many/as C. as much/as D. the most/as
|
| 7. China produces ______ twice ______ steel as Japan. A. as/ many B. twice/ as much C. twice/ many D. as/ much |
8. He drives ______ carefully now. A. less and less B. few and few C. fewer and fewer D. less and fewer |
9. The new phone is ______ reliable than the old one. A. not as B. less C. the least D. as
|
| 10. She earned ______ money than last year. A. less B. fewer C. much D. slightly |
11. My house is not ______ modern ______ yours. A. so/as B. as/as C. so/so D. as/so |
12. The internet is getting ______ unstable lately. A. more and more B. less and less C. the most D. as much
|
| 13. He eats ______ twice ______ rice as I do. A. as/many B. twice/as many C. twice/much D. as/as much |
14. This winter is ______ colder than last year. A. significantly B. much C. slightly D. the least |
15. The ______ he trains, the ______ he becomes. A. more/ stronger B. the more/ the stronger C. the most/ the stronger D. more/ the strongest
|
Bài 2
| 1. This dish is ______ tasty than I expected. (“less”) |
2. My bike is ______ old ______ yours. (“as…as”) |
3. The city is getting ______ crowded every year. (“more and more”)
|
| 4. The new laptop is ______ faster than the old one. (“significantly”) |
5. ______ she practices, ______ she plays. (“the + comparative”) |
6. There aren’t ______ students this semester ______ last semester. (“as many…as”)
|
| 7. China produces ______ times ______ steel as Korea. (“twice…as much”) |
8. He drives ______ carefully nowadays. (“less and less”) |
9. The phone signal is ______ stable here than downtown. (“not as…as”)
|
| 10. This shirt costs ______ money than the jacket. (“less”) |
11. My brother is ______ tall ______ I am. (“not as…as”) |
12. The weather gets ______ unpredictable lately. (“more and more”)
|
| 13. She earns ______ times ______ income as before. (“three times…as much”) |
14. This semester is ______ harder than the last. (“slightly”) |
15. ______ you wait, ______ your patience decreases. (“the + comparative”)
|
Đáp án
Bài 1
| 1. A. less |
2. A. as / as |
3. A. more and more |
| 4. A. slightly |
5. B. the more / the higher |
6. B. as many / as |
| 7. B. twice as much |
8. A. less and less |
9. B. less |
| 10. A. less |
11. B. as / as |
12. A. more and more |
| 13. B. twice as many |
14. C. slightly |
15. B. the more / the stronger |
Bài 2
| 1. less |
2. as old as |
3. more and more |
| 4. significantly |
5. the more, the better |
6. as many…as |
| 7. twice as much |
8. less and less |
9. not as stable as |
| 10. less |
11. not as tall as |
12. more and more |
| 13. three times as much |
14. slightly |
15. the longer, the less |
