Liên kết ý – Linking ideas là cách xâu chuỗi suy nghĩ thành một bài viết giàu thông tin và có hệ thống, chứ không chỉ là một đoạn văn chứa nhiều câu riêng lẻ.
Đây chính là nền tảng cho academic writing và IELTS band cao, ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến các tiêu chí Coherence, Cohesion và Task Response.
Linking ideas = chọn đúng loại từ × đúng quan hệ logic × đúng cấu trúc × đúng ngữ cảnh
Tổng hợp về liên kết ý trong đoạn văn tiếng Anh
Các hình thức liên kết ý trong đoạn văn tiếng Anh
Phần kiến thức này sẽ giúp bạn biết cách nối các ý bằng loại từ gì?
| NHÓM LIÊN KẾT |
LOẠI TỪ |
CHỨC NĂNG LIÊN KẾT |
PHÙ HỢP CHO |
VÍ DỤ |
| Conjunctions |
Liên từ |
Nối hai mệnh đề/câu trực tiếp; diễn đạt quan hệ cơ bản
Từ thường gặp: and, but, so, because, although |
Giao tiếp cơ bản, viết đơn giản, trình độ sơ–trung cấp |
The task is difficult, but it is necessary.
|
| |
|
Biểu thị nguyên nhân – kết quả, đối lập, bổ sung
Từ thường gặp: because, so, but, and |
Câu ngắn, ý rõ, không yêu cầu học thuật cao |
He was tired, so he stopped working.
|
| Adverbials |
Trạng từ / Cụm trạng từ |
Chuyển ý giữa các câu; làm rõ logic lập luận
Từ thường gặp: however, therefore, moreover, consequently, for example |
Viết học thuật, IELTS Writing, essay, report |
The data is limited. However, the results are reliable.
|
| |
|
Nhấn mạnh quan hệ lập luận ở mức diễn giải
Từ thường gặp: in addition, as a result, on the other hand |
Văn bản cần mạch lạc, dẫn dắt người đọc |
The method is costly. Therefore, it is rarely used.
|
| Prepositions |
Giới từ / Cụm giới từ |
Liên kết bằng giới từ + danh từ; danh từ hóa quan hệ logic
Từ thường gặp: because of, due to, despite, in spite of |
Viết học thuật nâng cao, văn phong trang trọng |
The delay occurred because of technical issues.
|
| |
|
Giúp câu gọn, giảm mệnh đề phụ
Từ thường gặp: owing to, as a result of |
Tránh câu dài, tăng độ cô đọng |
The project failed due to poor planning.
|
Chức năng câu
Nội dung này sẽ giúp bạn xác định vai trò mỗi câu trong một đoạn văn:
- Câu này dùng để giải thích vì sao?
- Câu này nói thêm thông tin gì?
- Câu này nêu kết quả hay ý ngược lại?
- Câu này đưa ra ví dụ để làm rõ ý?
Một đoạn văn có những câu bên trong được sắp xếp theo thứ tự hợp lý, câu sau giúp làm rõ, giải thích hoặc phát triển câu trước để người đọc hiểu được chủ đề được gọi là có quan hệ logic.
Quan hệ logic – Logical relationships nằm trong tiêu chí Coherence and Cohesion của bài thi IELTS Writing, giúp người thi được tăng thêm điểm.
| CHỨC NĂNG |
MỤC ĐÍCH |
TỪ/CẤU TRÚC THƯỜNG GẶP |
PHÙ HỢP CHO |
VÍ DỤ |
| Adding information |
Bổ sung, mở rộng ý đã nêu |
and, also, moreover, in addition, furthermore |
Viết học thuật, mở rộng lập luận |
The method is simple. Moreover, it is cost-effective.
|
| Cause / Reason / Result |
Giải thích nguyên nhân hoặc nêu kết quả |
because, because of, due to, so, therefore, as a result |
Trình bày lập luận logic, phân tích |
The experiment failed because of poor preparation.
|
| Contrasting |
Thể hiện sự đối lập, so sánh |
but, however, although, despite, on the other hand |
So sánh quan điểm, phản biện |
The solution is effective. However, it is expensive.
|
| Giving examples |
Minh họa cho ý chung |
for example, for instance, such as |
Làm rõ ý trừu tượng, tăng tính thuyết phục |
Many factors affect learning, for example, motivation.
|
| Sequencing |
Sắp xếp ý theo trình tự |
first, next, then, finally |
Mô tả quy trình, trình tự tư duy |
First, data was collected. Then, it was analyzed.
|
Vị trí và cấu trúc sử dụng từ và cụm từ dùng để nối ý
Đây là phần quan trọng nhất trong bài học liên kết ý, bạn hãy học kỹ và thực hành thật nhiều nhé:
Cách liên kết ý trong đoạn văn
| CHỨC NĂNG |
MỤC ĐÍCH |
TỪ / NHÓM TỪ |
CẤU TRÚC & VỊ TRÍ TRONG CÂU |
NGỮ CẢNH |
VÍ DỤ |
| Adding information |
Bổ sung, mở rộng ý |
moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally |
• Đứng đầu câu, hoặc,
• Đứng giữa câu (có dấu phẩy) |
Viết |
The method is simple. Moreover, it is cost-effective.
|
| Cause / Reason |
Giải thích nguyên nhân |
because |
because + clause (S + V) |
Nói / Viết |
He stayed at home because he was sick.
|
|
|
because of, due to, owing to |
because of / due to / owing to + noun / V-ing |
Viết |
He stayed at home due to his illness.
|
| Result |
Nêu kết quả |
therefore, consequently, as a result |
adverbials đứng đầu câu / giữa câu |
Viết |
The data is limited. Therefore, the results are unreliable.
The system was upgraded and, as a result, performance improved significantly.
|
| Contrasting |
Thể hiện đối lập |
however, nevertheless, nonetheless |
adverbials đứng đầu hoặc giữa câu |
Viết |
The solution is effective. However, it is expensive.
The policy is, however, unlikely to solve the problem in the long term.
|
|
|
despite / in spite of |
despite/in spite of + noun / V-ing |
Viết |
She succeeded despite the difficulties.
|
|
|
despite the fact that |
despite the fact that + clause |
Viết |
He continued working despite the fact that he was tired.
|
| Giving examples |
Minh hoạ ý chung |
for example, for instance, in particular, that is to say, in other words |
Đứng đầu hoặc giữa câu |
Viết |
Many factors affect learning, for example, motivation.
|
| Sequencing |
Sắp xếp theo trình tự |
initially, subsequently, finally |
Thường đứng đầu câu |
Viết |
Initially, data was collected. Subsequently, it was analysed.
|
Bài tập liên kết ý trong đoạn văn tiếng Anh
Bài 1: Xác định mối quan hệ logic trong từng câu
| 1. My sister practices the piano every day. She wants to improve her skills.
A. Ví dụ
B.Kết quả
C. Nguyên nhân
D. Đối lập |
6. The road is closed today. How can we get to school on time?
A. Kết quả
B. Đối lập
C. Nghi vấn phát triển ý
D. Ví dụ |
11. The instructions were very simple. Nobody followed them correctly.
A. Nguyên nhân
B. Ví dụ
C. Đối lập
D. Trình tự
|
| 2. The weather forecast predicted rain. The match was not cancelled.
A. Kết quả
B. Đối lập
C. Bổ sung
D. Ví dụ |
7. This phone is quite expensive. It has many useful features.
A. Ví dụ
B. Bổ sung
C. Kết quả
D. Đối lập |
12. The lights are still on. Did anyone forget to turn them off?
A. Nghi vấn phát triển ý
B. Kết quả
C. Ví dụ
D. Trình tự
|
| 3. The teacher did not explain the rule clearly. Many students felt confused.
A. Ví dụ
B. Kết quả
C. Đối lập
D. Bổ sung |
8. Some animals are active at night. For example, owls hunt after sunset.
A. Ví dụ
B. Nguyên nhân
C. Kết quả
D. Đối lập |
13. The bus arrived earlier than usual. We were not late for the test.
A. Nguyên nhân
B. Ví dụ
C. Kết quả
D. Đối lập
|
| 4. Online learning saves time. Students do not need to travel far.
A. Ví dụ
B. Giải thích / làm rõ
C. Đối lập
D. Trình tự |
9. The experiment was repeated several times. The results became more reliable.
A. Ví dụ
B. Kết quả
C. Đối lập
D. Bổ sung |
14. First, the ingredients are prepared. The dish is cooked slowly.
A. Ví dụ
B. Trình tự
C. Đối lập
D. Kết quả
|
| 5. He has never visited Japan. He knows a lot about Japanese culture.
A. Ví dụ
B. Đối lập
C. Kết quả
D. Bổ sung |
10. The team trained hard for months. They still lost the final match.
A. Kết quả
B. Đối lập
C. Ví dụ
D. Trình tự |
15. The homework was very difficult. Why did so many students finish it early?
A. Nghi vấn phát triển ý
B. Đối lập
C. Kết quả
D. Ví dụ
|
Bài 2: Chọn từ nối đúng
| 1. The test was quite difficult. ___, many students achieved high scores.
A. Therefore B. However C. For example D. As a result |
6. The school installed new cameras. ___, security has improved significantly.
A. However B. Because C. As a result D. For instance |
11. The instructions were unclear. ___, several mistakes were made.
A. For example B. Therefore C. However D. In addition
|
| 2. He forgot to set the alarm. ___, he woke up late.
A. In contrast B. For instance C. As a result D. Moreover |
7. Online learning is flexible. ___, it allows students to study at their own pace.
A. However B. For example C. In addition D. Therefore |
12. The library is usually quiet. ___, it becomes crowded during exam periods.
A. As a result B. For example C. However D. Moreover
|
| 3. Many students enjoy group work. ___, others prefer working alone.
A. Consequently B. However C. In addition D. As a result |
8. She revised carefully for the exam. ___, she felt more confident.
A. Nevertheless B. Therefore C. For example D. In contrast |
13. The bus was delayed by heavy traffic. ___, we arrived late.
A. However B. In addition C. As a result D. For example
|
| 4. The project was well planned. ___, it was completed ahead of schedule.
A. However B. For instance C. Consequently D. In contrast |
9. He has lived abroad for many years. ___, he speaks English fluently.
A. However B. For example C. As a result D. In addition |
14. The weather was extremely cold. ___, the event was cancelled.
A. For example B. Therefore C. Moreover D. However
|
| 5. Some animals migrate in winter. ___, birds often travel long distances.
A. As a result B. However C. For example D. Therefore |
10. The device is easy to use. ___, it is suitable for beginners.
A. In contrast B. As a result C. For example D. However |
15. The team trained hard for weeks. ___, they did not win the competition.
A. Therefore B. In addition C. However D. As a result
|
Bài 3: Chọn cấu trúc liên kết ý đúng để hoàn thành câu
| 1. He stayed at home ___ the heavy rain.
A. because B. because of C. although D. therefore |
6. The match was cancelled ___ it was raining heavily.
A. because of B. despite C. because D. as a result |
11. ___ being very tired, she continued working.
A. Because B. Although C. Despite D. However
|
| 2. The flight was delayed ___ bad weather.
A. because B. because of C. although D. however |
7. He failed the exam ___ he did not revise carefully.
A. because of B. because C. despite D. however |
12. The students were confused ___ the instructions were unclear.
A. because of B. because C. despite D. however
|
| 3. She succeeded ___ many difficulties.
A. because B. because of C. despite D. therefore |
8. The project was completed on time ___ the tight schedule.
A. because B. despite C. because of D. therefore |
13. The results were unreliable ___ the small sample size.
A. because B. because of C. although D. however
|
| 4. ___ the fact that it was expensive, many people bought the phone.
A. Because B. Despite C. However D. Therefore |
9. She improved her English ___ practising every day.
A. because B. because of C. by D. despite |
14. ___ the experiment failed, valuable data was collected.
A. Because of B. Despite C. Although D. Therefore
|
| 5. He was late ___ missing the bus.
A. because B. because of C. although D. however |
10. The teacher explained the rule clearly. ___, the students understood it quickly.
A. Because B. Despite C. However D. Therefore |
15. The machine stopped working ___ it had been used for hours.
A. because B. because of C. despite D. however
|
Bài 4: Tìm lỗi liên kết ý sai
| 1. The lesson was difficult. In addition, many students did not understand it. |
6. He missed the bus. Because, he arrived late. |
11. The plan was risky. As a result of, it was rejected. |
| 2. She practised every day. However, her pronunciation improved. |
7. The room was noisy. Therefore students could not concentrate. |
12. Despite the weather was cold, they continued the trip. |
| 3. The rules were unclear. For example, several students broke them. |
8. The report was finished late because of the computer crashed. |
13. Online learning is flexible. Moreover it saves time. |
| 4. He studied carefully. For instance, he passed the exam. |
9. The test was easy. Nevertheless, many students finished early. |
14. She felt tired. Because of, she went to bed early. |
| 5. The project was cancelled although the lack of funds. |
10. The instructions were clear. However, no one made any mistakes. |
15. First, the data was collected. Finally, it was analysed and conclusions were drawn next. |
Bài 5: Sắp xếp đoạn văn hoàn chỉnh
| 1. A. As a result, many students failed the test.
B. The teacher did not explain the topic clearly.
C. Several students asked for extra help.
D. The test covered that topic. |
6. A. Consequently, traffic in the city increased.
B. Many people moved to the suburbs.
C. Housing prices in the city rose sharply.
D. Public transport did not improve. |
11. A. As a result, the match was cancelled.
B. Dark clouds appeared in the sky.
C. Heavy rain started suddenly.
D. The players left the field. |
| 2. A. For example, many students study online at night.
B. Online learning is flexible.
C. This helps them manage their time better. D. They do not need to attend classes in person. |
7. A. He revised carefully for the exam.
B. Therefore, he felt more confident.
C. The exam was very challenging.
D. He used several practice tests. |
12. A. The instructions were unclear.
B. Therefore, several mistakes were made.
C. Many students misunderstood the task.
D. The teacher noticed the problem. |
| 3. A. Then, the data was analysed.
B. Finally, conclusions were drawn.
C. First, the data was collected.
D. The results were discussed in class. |
8. A. As a result, the room became quiet.
B. The teacher entered the classroom.
C. The students were talking loudly.
D. Everyone focused on the lesson. |
13. A. Some students prefer studying alone.
B. Others enjoy working in groups.
C. Learning styles can be different.
D. This depends on personal habits. |
| 4. A. However, it is quite expensive.
B. The phone has many useful features.
C. Many people still decide to buy it.
D. It also has a long battery life. |
9. A. First, the ingredients were prepared.
B. Finally, the dish was served.
C. Next, everything was cooked slowly.
D. The food tasted delicious. |
14. A. As a result, students arrived late.
B. The bus was delayed this morning.
C. Some students missed the first lesson.
D. The school day started as usual. |
| 5. A. For instance, trees help clean the air.
B. Nature plays an important role in our lives.
C. They also provide shade and reduce heat.
D. Many people do not realise this. |
10. A. Therefore, the project was delayed.
B. The team lacked enough resources.
C. Several tasks could not be completed on time.
D. A new plan was discussed. |
15. A. Although the task was difficult, he did not give up.
B. He tried different ways to solve the problem.
C. Finally, he found a solution.
D. The problem seemed impossible at first. |
Bài 6: Sắp xếp đoạn văn hoàn chỉnh nâng cao
| 1. A. The teacher explained the rule again.
B. Many students were confused.
C. As a result, the class became quieter.
D. The rule was difficult to understand.
E. The school organised a sports event. |
6. A. The weather forecast predicted heavy rain.
B. Dark clouds appeared in the sky.
C. The match was cancelled.
D. Many fans bought tickets online.
E. Heavy rain started in the afternoon. |
11. A. Online learning is flexible.
B. Students can study at their own pace.
C. Many universities offer online courses.
D. For example, lessons can be watched anytime.
E. The library closes at 9 p.m. |
| 2. A. The bus arrived late this morning.
B. Several students missed the first lesson.
C. The timetable was changed last year.
D. As a result, the class started late.
E. Some students waited at the bus stop. |
7. A. He revised carefully for the exam.
B. He used several practice tests.
C. Therefore, he felt confident.
D. The exam was held in a large hall.
E. The exam was challenging. |
12. A. The instructions were unclear.
B. Several students made mistakes.
C. The teacher noticed the problem.
D. Therefore, the task was misunderstood.
E. The classroom was on the second floor. |
| 3. A. First, the data was collected.
B. Then, the data was analysed.
C. Finally, conclusions were drawn.
D. The results were discussed in class.
E. Many students like science subjects. |
8. A. The teacher entered the room.
B. The students were talking loudly.
C. As a result, the room became quiet.
D. Everyone focused on the lesson.
E. The lesson lasted forty minutes. |
13. A. Some students prefer studying alone.
B. Others enjoy working in groups.
C. Learning styles are different.
D. This depends on personal habits.
E. The classroom has new desks. |
| 4. A. The phone has many useful features.
B. It also has a long battery life.
C. However, it is quite expensive.
D. Many people still decide to buy it.
E. The shop closes at 8 p.m. |
9. A. The team lacked enough resources.
B. Several tasks could not be completed.
C. Therefore, the project was delayed.
D. A new plan was discussed.
E. The manager arrived early. |
14. A. The bus was delayed this morning.
B. As a result, students arrived late.
C. Some students missed the first lesson.
D. The school day started as usual.
E. The school has a large playground. |
| 5. A. Nature plays an important role in our lives.
B. For example, trees help clean the air.
C. They also provide shade.
D. Many people do not realise this.
E. The city has many tall buildings. |
10. A. She felt very tired after work.
B. Therefore, she went to bed early.
C. She finished her homework.
D. The next day, she felt refreshed.
E. Her brother was watching TV. |
15. A. The problem seemed impossible at first.
B. He tried different ways to solve it.
C. Although it was difficult, he did not give up.
D. Finally, he found a solution.
E. The solution was written in blue ink. |
***Đáp án
Bài 1: Xác định mối quan hệ logic trong từng câu
| 1. C Câu sau nêu lý do cho hành động ở câu trước. |
6. C Câu hỏi được dùng để phát triển ý từ tình huống trước. |
11. C Kết quả trái với điều mong đợi từ câu trước.
|
| 2. B Câu sau cho thấy điều xảy ra trái dự đoán. |
7. B Câu sau bổ sung thêm thông tin. |
12. A Câu nghi vấn dùng để mở rộng và suy luận.
|
| 3. A Sự nhầm lẫn là hệ quả của việc giải thích không rõ. |
8. A Câu sau minh hoạ cho ý chung. |
13. C Không bị muộn là kết quả của việc xe đến sớm.
|
| 4. B Câu sau giải thích cụ thể lợi ích đã nêu. |
9. B Độ tin cậy tăng lên là kết quả trực tiếp. |
14. B Câu sau mô tả bước tiếp theo.
|
| 5. B Kiến thức trái với trải nghiệm thực tế. |
10. B Kết quả trái với nỗ lực trước đó. |
15. A Câu hỏi dùng để đào sâu ý đã nêu.
|
Bài 2: Chọn từ nối đúng
| 1. B Kết quả trái với điều mong đợi từ câu trước. |
6. C Câu sau nêu kết quả của hành động trước. |
11. B Lỗi sai là hệ quả của việc không rõ ràng.
|
| 2. C Việc dậy muộn là kết quả trực tiếp. |
7. C Câu sau bổ sung thêm lợi ích. |
12. C Câu sau đưa ra ý đối lập theo thời điểm.
|
| 3. B Hai nhóm học sinh có sở thích trái ngược. |
8. B Sự tự tin là kết quả của việc ôn tập. |
13. C Đến trễ là hệ quả của việc xe bị kẹt.
|
| 4. C Hoàn thành sớm là hệ quả logic. |
9. C Nói lưu loát là kết quả của việc sống lâu ở nước ngoài. |
14. B Thời tiết dẫn đến quyết định hủy.
|
| 5. C Câu sau minh họa cho ý chung. |
10. B Phù hợp cho người mới là kết quả. |
15. C Kết quả trái với nỗ lực đã nêu.
|
Bài 3: Chọn cấu trúc liên kết ý đúng để hoàn thành câu
| 1. B because of + danh từ. |
6. C because + mệnh đề (S + V). |
11. C despite + V-ing. |
| 2. B Theo sau là cụm danh từ. |
7. B Cần mệnh đề đầy đủ. |
12. B Câu sau là mệnh đề. |
| 3. C despite dùng để chỉ sự đối lập. |
8. B despite + danh từ. |
13. B because of + noun phrase. |
| 4. B Cấu trúc đúng: despite the fact that. |
9. C by + V-ing diễn tả cách thức. |
14. C although + mệnh đề. |
| 5. B Sau chỗ trống là V-ing. |
10. D therefore nối kết quả, đứng đầu câu. |
15. A because + mệnh đề. |
Bài 4: Tìm lỗi liên kết ý sai
| 1. The lesson was difficult. Therefore, many students did not understand it. → Quan hệ kết quả, không phải bổ sung. |
6. He missed the bus. Therefore, he arrived late. → Because không đứng một mình nối câu. |
11. The plan was risky. As a result, it was rejected. → As a result of không đi với mệnh đề. |
| 2. She practised every day. Therefore, her pronunciation improved. → Câu sau là kết quả. |
7. The room was noisy. Therefore, students could not concentrate. → Thiếu dấu phẩy sau trạng từ nối. |
12. Although the weather was cold, they continued the trip. → Despite không đi với mệnh đề. |
| 3. The rules were unclear. As a result, several students broke them. → Đây là hệ quả, không phải ví dụ. |
8. The report was finished late because the computer crashed. → because of không đi với mệnh đề. |
13. Online learning is flexible. Moreover, it saves time. → Trạng từ nối cần dấu phẩy. |
| 4. He studied carefully. As a result, he passed the exam. → Đậu thi là kết quả. |
9. The test was easy. Therefore, many students finished early. → Không có ý đối lập. |
14. She felt tired. Therefore, she went to bed early. → Because of không dùng nối câu. |
| 5. The project was cancelled because of the lack of funds. → Although phải đi với mệnh đề. |
10. The instructions were clear. Therefore, no one made any mistakes. → Không phải quan hệ đối lập. |
15. First, the data was collected. Then, it was analysed and conclusions were drawn. → Finally không đi với next. |
Bài 5: Sắp xếp đoạn văn hoàn chỉnh
| 1. B → D → A → C |
6. C → B → D → A |
11. B → C → A → D |
| 2. B → D → A → C |
7. A → D → B → C |
12. A → C → B → D |
| 3. C → A → B → D |
8. C → B → A → D |
13. C → A → B → D |
| 4. B → D → A → C |
9. A → C → B → D |
14. B → A → C → D |
| 5. B → A → C → D |
10. B → C → A → D |
15. D → A → B → C |
Bài 6: Sắp xếp đoạn văn hoàn chỉnh nâng cao
| 1 |
D → B → A → C |
E |
| 2 |
A → B → D |
C, E |
| 3 |
A → B → C → D |
E |
| 4 |
A → B → C → D |
E |
| 5 |
A → B → C |
D, E |
| 6 |
B → E → C |
A, D |
| 7 |
A → B → C |
D, E |
| 8 |
B → A → C → D |
E |
| 9 |
A → B → C → D |
E |
| 10 |
A → B → D |
C, E |
| 11 |
A → B → D |
C, E |
| 12 |
A → B → D |
C, E |
| 13 |
A → B → D |
C, E |
| 14 |
A → B → C |
D, E |
| 15 |
A → B → C → D |
E |
